How Does Philosophy Work in Society?
[An April fundraising event for the Myanmar earthquake at the Preah Sīhanouk Rāja Buddhist University. FB]
-Opinion-
Philosophy functions as a critical force in the intellectual and moral development of society. It provides the framework through which individuals and communities examine fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values and social order. By promoting analytical reasoning and ethical reflection, philosophy contributes to shaping public consciousness, guiding political and moral decision-making, and fostering a more thoughtful and humane society. Despite its vital social role, however, the study of philosophy appears to be facing a serious decline in many academic institutions.
Although there are no comprehensive empirical studies that offer statistical evidence, observable trends and anecdotal reports suggest that interest in studying philosophy has been decreasing at an alarming rate. this decline is not limited to general philosophy but also extends to classical disciplines such as Pali and Sanskrit studies, which traditionally serve as the foundation for understanding Buddhist and Indian philosophical thought. In several Buddhist state universities, these subjects have experienced a noticeable reduction in enrolment and institutional support.
Causes of Decline
The reasons behind this downward trend are multifaceted. One major factor is the perceived lack of immediate, tangible benefits derived from philosophical education. In contemporary society — largely driven by economic growth, technological advancement and material success — fields of study that offer direct career prospects or financial gain tend to attract more students. In contrast, philosophy, Pali and Sanskrit are often viewed as abstract, theoretical and detached from practical application, leading to the misconception that they have little relevance to modern life.
Furthermore, the inherent difficulty of these disciplines contributes to the problem. philosophy requires rigorous critical thinking, patience and engagement with complex texts and ideas. Similarly, the study of Pali and Sanskrit demands linguistic precision and a deep understanding of cultural and historical contexts. As a result, many students may feel discouraged by the intellectual demands and delayed rewards of such study.
Revitalising Interest in Philosophical Education
To effectively revive the field, a collective effort among multiple stakeholders is essential. educational institutions, government bodies, religious organisations and the general public must recognise and reaffirm the intrinsic and instrumental value of philosophical inquiry. Philosophy should not be seen merely as an academic pursuit but as a living practice that cultivates moral reasoning, social harmony and cultural continuity.
One possible approach is to integrate philosophy and Pali-Sanskrit languages into interdisciplinary curricula, linking them with contemporary issues such as ethics in technology, sustainable development and intercultural understanding. In doing so, philosophy can demonstrate its continued relevance to real-world challenges. Public lectures, media engagement and digital learning platforms can also play an important role in making philosophical ideas more accessible and appealing to younger generations.
The Role of Philosophy in the Functioning of Society
There has long been extensive discussion regarding the benefits of studying philosophy and, more importantly, how philosophical thinking functions within society itself. Philosophy, as the discipline that seeks wisdom and the rational understanding of existence, has significantly shaped the intellectual and moral foundations of both individuals and institutions. Its influence is not confined to abstract theorising; rather, philosophy contributes directly to the cultivation of critical thinking, ethical awareness and rational decision-making among citizens.
At the individual level, philosophical education trains people to question assumptions, analyse arguments and reason through complex moral and social issues. This intellectual exercise develops what Aristotle termed phronesis — practical wisdom — which guides individuals toward acting with moral integrity and social responsibility. Such reflective thinking prevents individuals from falling prey to manipulation, deception or blind conformity, thereby fostering a citizenry that is both ethically conscious and intellectually independent.
At the institutional level, philosophy strengthens the foundations of governance, law and education. The philosophical principles such as justice, fairness, human dignity and rational deliberation are integral to the functioning of democratic institutions. When citizens and leaders alike are guided by reason and conscience, as Kant proposed in his moral philosophy, social harmony and responsible governance are more likely to emerge. In this way, philosophy acts as the moral and intellectual conscience of society — encouraging citizens and policymakers to act not out of ignorance or self-interest, but in pursuit of the common good.
In the political context, philosophy plays an indispensable role in guiding the process of sound decision-making, particularly through the application of fundamental philosophical principles. Philosophy equips political leaders and policymakers with the ability to engage in critical thinking, logical reasoning and moral reflection, which are essential for formulating just and rational policies. Political philosophy, in particular, provides a framework for evaluating questions of justice, power, rights and governance. By encouraging a rational mode of inquiry, philosophy prevents decisions from being based solely on emotion, impulse or populism.
In this regard, the philosophical emphasis on rationality and ethical reasoning helps ensure that political actions align with broader moral values and the common good, rather than with personal or partisan interests. The philosophical reasoning allows leaders to consider the long-term implications of their decisions, fostering policies that promote fairness, social harmony and sustainable development. For example, the principles derived from Aristotle’s practical wisdom encourage politicians to deliberate thoughtfully about what is good and beneficial for society as a whole.
In addition, the creative aspect of philosophy inspires innovation in political thought, helping societies adapt to changing circumstances through fresh perspectives grounded in reason. So, philosophy not only strengthens the intellectual foundation of political decision-making but also nurtures a culture of reflection and dialogue that is vital for democratic governance and social progress.
Once again, the study of philosophy is not an isolated academic pursuit; it is a vital cultural and civic force. It nurtures the kind of reflective, informed and conscientious public that ensures a society’s moral stability and political resilience. By encouraging critical reasoning and ethical self-awareness, philosophy ultimately contributes to the creation of a more just, transparent and enlightened society.
In conclusion, philosophy continues to serve as an indispensable pillar of a reflective, ethical and balanced society. It provides the intellectual foundation for critical thinking, moral discernment and the pursuit of truth — qualities essential for maintaining social harmony and responsible governance. The observable decline in both academic and public engagement with philosophy, as well as related disciplines such as Pali and Sanskrit studies, represents not merely a disciplinary concern but a profound cultural and intellectual challenge. This diminishing interest signals an erosion of the reflective capacities that enable societies to navigate ethical dilemmas, cultural diversity, and political complexities with wisdom and integrity.
Therefore, this situation should be regarded as a pressing call to action for educators, policymakers and community leaders. The revitalisation of philosophical education must extend beyond curricular reform; it requires the cultivation of a broader cultural appreciation for wisdom, ethical inquiry and intellectual humility. Encouraging philosophical dialogue in public spaces, integrating ethical reasoning into education systems and promoting interdisciplinary engagement can help restore philosophy’s rightful place at the core of human development.
For the sake of the renewal of philosophy — and of Pali and Sanskrit traditions that carry profound moral and contemplative legacies — demands a collective recognition that wisdom and understanding are not luxuries but necessities in an increasingly complex, interconnected and morally uncertain world. By re-establishing philosophy as a living practice rather than a merely academic pursuit, society can move toward a more thoughtful, compassionate and enlightened future.
Dr. Prak Samphose is a lecturer at the Graduate School of Preah Sīhanouk Rāja Buddhist University, Phnom Penh. The views and opinions expressed are his own.
-The Phnom Penh Post-
